John Webster - The Duchess of Malfi

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John Webster -  The Duchess of Malfi

Introduction:

John Webster's The Duchess of Malfi. First performed in 1613-14, this play is a cornerstone of Jacobean drama—the theatre of the reign of King James I (1603-1625). It is a work that masterfully blends intense poetry, psychological depth, and grotesque horror to explore themes of power, corruption, gender, and mortality.

This newsletter will serve as a comprehensive guide, breaking down the play's plot, themes, and characters, while also introducing and explaining key literary and technical terms you will encounter in your studies. Whether you're an undergraduate just beginning to explore Renaissance drama or a postgraduate conducting deeper research, this resource is designed for you.

Summary of The Duchess of Malfi

Set in the Italian courts of Malfi, Rome, and Ancona, the play tells the tragic story of a young widow’s defiance and its brutal consequences.

1. Acts I-III: The Duchess of Malfi, a young and powerful widow, is warned by her twin brother, Ferdinand, and her other brother, the Cardinal, not to remarry. Defying them, she secretly marries her steward, Antonio, a man of lower social rank. They have three children together. The Duchess's henchman, Bosola, hired by Ferdinand to spy on her, eventually uncovers her secret. Enraged by her defiance and the perceived stain on their family's honour, her brothers begin a ruthless campaign of persecution. They torment the Duchess, force her into exile, and ultimately imprison her.
2. Acts IV-V: The psychological torture intensifies. Ferdinand subjects the Duchess to a series of horrific tricks, including presenting her with a dead man's hand and wax figures of her dead family. Despite her remarkable courage and stoicism, she is finally murdered on Ferdinand's orders by Bosola, who also kills her children and maid, Cariola. The final act descends into a chaotic bloodbath of revenge and madness. Bosola, remorseful, turns against his masters. In the dark, he accidentally kills Antonio, then deliberately kills the Cardinal and Ferdinand, and is himself killed in the process. The play ends with almost the entire principal cast dead, leaving a young son of Antonio and the Duchess as the sole heir to the tragedy.

Critical Appreciation

The Duchess of Malfi is not merely a horror show; it is a profound philosophical exploration of the human condition within a corrupt world.

1. Beyond Revenge Tragedy: While it shares elements with the revenge tragedy genre (popularised by plays like The Spanish Tragedy), its horrors are more psychological than sensational. The true villain is not an external avenger but a deep-seated corruption within the family and the state.
2. Moral Ambiguity: Webster creates a world where good and evil are not clear-cut. The Duchess's defiance is noble but politically naive. Bosola is a villainous tool who develops a conscience too late. This moral complexity is a hallmark of sophisticated Jacobean drama.
3. Poetic Power: The play is renowned for its dense, metaphorical language and unforgettable lines that mix beauty with brutality. The dialogue elevates the sordid events into a powerful poetic meditation on death, power, and identity.
4. Enduring Relevance: Its themes of toxic masculinity, the policing of female sexuality, political corruption, and the search for integrity in a flawed world continue to resonate powerfully with modern audiences.

Major Themes Explored

1. Corruption and Power: The Italian court setting is a microcosm (a small world representing a larger one) of a corrupt society. Ferdinand and the Cardinal abuse their power to control their sister, seeing her body and choices as their property. Their authority is devoid of morality, based solely on bloodline and ruthlessness.
2. Gender and Agency: The Duchess is one of literature's most compelling examples of female agency—the capacity to act independently and make her own free choices. In a patriarchal society, her decision to marry for love is a radical act of self-assertion that her brothers interpret as a threat to be violently crushed. The play explores the extreme dangers faced by women who defy social conventions.
3. Madness and Obsession: Ferdinand's rage transcends rational anger, spiralling into a profound and obsessive madness (diagnosed in the play as lycanthropy—the delusion that one is a wolf). His obsession with his sister's sexuality suggests deeply repressed incestuous desires, making him a psychologically complex and terrifying villain.
4. Class and Social Mobility: The marriage between the aristocratic Duchess and the commoner Antonio breaks rigid class barriers. This social transgression is as shocking to her brothers as the sexual one. The character of Bosola, an intelligent man bitter about his lack of status, further illustrates the period's acute class anxieties.
5. Death and Memento Mori: The play is saturated with images of death and decay, acting as a memento mori (a reminder of the inevitability of death). From the macabre tricks with dead bodies to the philosophical musings of the characters, Webster forces both his characters and the audience to confront their own mortality.

Character Sketches

1. The Duchess: She is defined by her courage, passion, and resilience. She is not a passive victim but an active agent in her own story, proposing to Antonio and facing her tormentors with defiant dignity. Her strength makes her downfall all the more tragic.
2. Bosola: The most complex character. A cynical and intelligent malcontent, he is hired as a spy and murderer. His internal conflict is the play's moral core; he is painfully aware of his own corruption and grows to admire the Duchess, leading to his futile attempt at redemption through revenge.
3. Ferdinand: The Duchess's twin brother. His violent, incestuous obsession with his sister's purity drives the plot. He represents the most toxic and unhinged aspects of patriarchal power. His descent into lycanthropy is a physical manifestation of his inner beastliness.
4. The Cardinal: The colder, more calculating of the brothers. His corruption is intellectual and political. As a high-ranking church official, he represents the hypocrisy of a religious institution intertwined with corrupt state power.
5. Antonio: The virtuous, honourable steward. He represents a different, more compassionate model of masculinity. However, his passivity and idealism make him no match for the Machiavellian politics of the court, leading to his tragic end.

John Webster as a Dramatist

John Webster (c. 1580-1634) was a contemporary of Shakespeare, though his work possesses a uniquely dark vision that has earned him the reputation as the foremost Jacobean tragedian.

1. Collaborator and Innovator: He began his career collaborating with writers like Thomas Dekker on city comedies before finding his voice in the darker realm of tragedy.
2. The "White Devil" and the "Duchess": His two great masterpieces are The White Devil (1612) and The Duchess of Malfi (1614). Both are set in corrupt Italian courts and feature strong, tragic heroines.
3. A Websterian Worldview: His plays present a world where evil is pervasive and often triumphant, and where redemption is fragile and hard-won. His focus is on the psychological states of characters trapped in extreme situations.
4. The "Tragedian of Blood": Webster is often grouped with other Jacobean writers like Cyril Tourneur as a "tragedian of blood" due to the visceral and violent nature of his plots. However, his use of violence is never gratuitous; it is always in service of a larger philosophical point about the human condition.

Literary Techniques

Webster employs several sophisticated techniques to create his dark vision:

1. Symbolism: Objects that carry a deeper meaning.

·  The Ring: Symbolises the Duchess's marriage and agency. The Cardinal's act of removing it from her finger is a violent symbol of his attempt to nullify her identity and choices.

·  Lycanthropy (The Wolf): A symbol of Ferdinand's base, animalistic nature taking over his humanity.

· Echo: In Act V, an echo from the Duchess's grave repeats key words ("death," "never see her more"). This is a powerful aural symbol of her lingering presence and a portent (an omen) of the coming bloodshed.

2. Imagery: Vivid descriptive language that appeals to the senses. Webster is a master of macabre imagery—descriptions of death, decay, and disease—which creates the play's oppressive, morbid atmosphere.

3. Blank Verse and Prose: The play switches between blank verse (unrhymed iambic pentameter, the elevated style of nobles) and prose (the more realistic style of commoners or madmen). This shift often signals a change in tone or class perspective. Bosola's early speeches are in choppy prose, reflecting his bitterness, while the Duchess often speaks in flowing blank verse, highlighting her nobility.

4. The Masque: Ferdinand torments the Duchess with a masque of madmen. A masque was a lavish courtly entertainment. Webster perverts this form for horrific effect, using it to represent the world's madness closing in on the Duchess.

5. Stoicism: The philosophy that teaches virtue and rationality as the highest good and that one should be free from passion and indifferent to pleasure or pain. The Duchess's calm acceptance of her fate is a powerful example of Stoic resolve, making her a tragic heroine of immense dignity.

Important Key Points

• Jacobean Tragedy: The genre of dark, cynical, and violent plays that flourished during the reign of James I.
• Revenge Tragedy: A sub-genre focusing on a protagonist's quest for vengeance, featuring ghosts, madness, and graphic violence.
• Italianate Setting: The use of Italian settings in Elizabethan/Jacobean drama to explore themes of Machiavellian politics, corruption, and passion at a safe distance from English censorship.
• Female Agency: A critical term for a character's ability to make independent choices and act on their own will. The Duchess is a key study in this.
• Patriarchy: A social system where men hold primary power. The play is a searing critique of a toxic patriarchy embodied by Ferdinand and the Cardinal.
• Incestuous Desire: A Freudian reading of Ferdinand's motives, which adds a layer of psychological complexity to his actions.
• Memento Mori: The medieval and Renaissance artistic theme reminding people of their mortality.
• The Macabre: Having a quality that combines a ghastly or grim atmosphere with death and decay. Webster's signature tone.
• Stoicism: The classical philosophy that profoundly influences the portrayal of the Duchess's character.
• Moral Ambiguity: The lack of clear-cut good and evil, making characters and situations complex and realistically flawed.