Jane Austen - Pride and Prejudice

    

                       

Introduction

Jane Austen (1775-1817) remains one of the most celebrated novelists in English literature. Her works, particularly Pride and Prejudice, are renowned for their wit, social commentary, and exploration of human nature. This article provides a concise overview of Austen’s life, her contributions to literature, and the key aspects of Pride and Prejudice.

Key Highlights

Jane Austen: A Biographical Sketch

• Born: December 16, 1775, in Steventon, England.
• Family: Daughter of George and Cassandra Austen; grew up in a scholarly environment.
• Personal Traits: Known for her elegance, sweet voice, and fluency in speech.
• Marriage: Chose not to marry, believing in love over worldly motives.
• Death: July 24, 1817.

Jane Austen’s Literary Contribution

• Novels: Authored six major novels:

1. Sense and Sensibility (1811)
2. Pride and Prejudice (1813)
3. Mansfield Park (1814)
4. Emma (1815)
5. Northanger Abbey (1817, posthumous)
6. Persuasion (1817, posthumous)

• Writing Style: Known for revising extensively, achieving perfection in her final drafts.
• Themes: Focused on marriage, social class, and the lives of women in Regency England.

• Austen's Literary Contribution:
1. Novelistic Canon: Her six completed novels represent a significant and cohesive body of work within the early 19th-century novel, establishing her as a central figure in the transition to realism.
2. Meticulous Craft: Her known practice of extensive revision underscores a commitment to stylistic precision, structural coherence, and achieving subtlety in character development and social commentary.
3. Thematic Focus: Austen persistently explored the limited options available to women in Regency England, the complex interplay of social class and mobility, and the institution of marriage as a social contract and personal relationship, dissecting its financial and emotional dimensions.
4. Narrative Technique: She pioneered the use of free indirect discourse, allowing the third-person narrator to adopt the tone and perspective of a character, creating irony and psychological depth.

Pride and Prejudice: Key Aspects

• Plot:

1. The narrative revolves around the marriage plot, specifically the evolving relationship between Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy, interwoven with subplots involving other characters (Jane/Bingley, Lydia/Wickham, Charlotte/Collins) that provide contrasting perspectives on love, attraction, pragmatism, and folly.

• Social Comedy: 

1. The novel functions as a sharp social comedy, employing satire to critique the middle-class obsession with advantageous marriages, the commodification of relationships, hypocrisy, and the absurdities inherent in rigid social conventions.

• Characterization:

• Elizabeth Bennet: Embodies intelligence, wit, and independence, challenging conventional female passivity. Her journey involves overcoming initial prejudice through self-reflection.
• Mr. Darcy: Initially embodies aristocratic pride and social condescension. His character arc involves recognizing his flaws and demonstrating inherent nobility and capacity for change.
• Secondary Characters: Figures like Mrs. Bennet (hysteria over marriage), Mr. Collins (obsequiousness), Lady Catherine de Bourgh (tyrannical classism), and Lydia Bennet (reckless imprudence) serve as vehicles for comic relief and potent social critique, embodying societal flaws.

• Title Significance:

1. The shift from the initial title First Impressions to Pride and Prejudice elevates the focus from surface-level misunderstandings to the core ethical terms and moral flaws (pride and prejudice) that both protagonists must recognize and overcome within themselves for genuine understanding and union. The title encapsulates the central theme.

Jane Austen as a Transitional Novelist

1. Bridging Eras: Austen's work occupies a pivotal position between 18th-century classicism (emphasis on reason, order, social observation, often within a limited setting) and 19th-century Romanticism (increasing focus on individualism, emotion, and psychological depth).
2. Synthesis of Elements: She retained the elegance, wit, and focus on manners and social structures characteristic of earlier writers (e.g., Samuel Johnson, Fanny Burney) while incorporating emerging Romantic sensibilities: greater psychological realism in character motivation, nuanced exploration of individual consciousness, and a focus on naturalistic dialogue and behavior.
3. Moral Framework: Her satire and humor serve as instruments of indirect moral instruction, critiquing societal flaws and advocating for self-awareness, ethical conduct, and marrying for mutual respect and affection rather than solely worldly motives.

Legacy and Influence

• Domestic Novel: Austen is considered a pioneer of the domestic novel, focusing on family life and social dynamics.
• Enduring Popularity: Her works continue to be adapted into films, TV series, and modern retellings.
• Cultural Impact: Austen’s exploration of marriage, class, and gender remains relevant today.

Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice is a masterpiece of social comedy and character study. Her keen observation of human nature, combined with her wit and moral insight, ensures her place as one of the greatest novelists in English literature.

Mary Shelley - Frankenstein (1818)

 

Introduction

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is a cornerstone of Gothic literature and a profound exploration of human ambition, science, and morality. This article delves into Shelley’s life, the creation of Frankenstein, and its enduring themes and significance.

Key Highlights

• Mary Shelley: A Brief Biography

1. Born: August 30, 1797, in Somers Town, England.
2. Family: Daughter of philosophers William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft.
3. Early Life: Raised by her father after her mother’s death; educated by private tutors.
4. Relationship with Percy Bysshe Shelley: Began a controversial relationship with the married poet, leading to social ostracism. They later married and had a son.
5. Literary Works: Authored novels like Valperga, The Last Man, and Lodore, but Frankenstein remains her most famous work.

• The Genesis of Frankenstein

1. Inspiration: Conceived during a stay at Lake Geneva in 1816, where Shelley, Percy Shelley, Lord Byron, and John Polidori engaged in a ghost story contest.
2. Dream Vision: Shelley’s idea for Frankenstein came from a dream about a scientist who creates life.
3. Publication: First published anonymously in 1818 due to Shelley’s young age (20) and the novel’s controversial themes.

• Narrative Structure & Plot Synopsis

1. Frame Narrative: Related through letters from Arctic explorer Robert Walton to his sister, Margaret Saville, recounting Victor Frankenstein's tragic tale.
2. Victor Frankenstein: A young natural philosopher whose ambition leads him to animate a creature constructed from cadaverous parts. Horrified by his creation, he abandons it.
3. The Creature: Physically grotesque and universally rejected, including by its creator. Experiences profound isolation, seeks understanding and companionship, but turns to vengeance when spurned.

• Key Tragic Events:

1. Creation and immediate abandonment of the Creature.
2. Murder of Victor's younger brother, William Frankenstein.
3. The Creature's demand for a female companion; Victor's initial acquiescence followed by destruction of the unfinished mate.
4. Subsequent murders of Victor's friend Henry Clerval and bride Elizabeth Lavenza.
5. Victor's pursuit of the Creature ends in his own death aboard Walton's ship.
6. The Creature's expression of remorse and final disappearance into the Arctic darkness.

• Themes in Frankenstein

1. Ambition and Hubris: Victor’s desire to emulate God leads to his downfall.
2. Isolation and Rejection: Both Victor and the monster suffer from loneliness and societal rejection.
3. Nature vs. Science: The novel critiques the limits of scientific ambition and the consequences of playing God.
4. Biblical Allusions: References to Paradise Lost and the story of Prometheus highlight themes of creation, rebellion, and punishment.

• Literary Significance & Style

1. Gothic & Romantic Fusion: Combines Gothic elements (atmosphere, terror, the sublime) with Romantic preoccupations (individual emotion, nature's power, societal critique).
2. Proto-Science Fiction: Widely regarded as a foundational text of the science fiction genre, exploring the consequences of technological innovation.
3. Psychological Realism: Grounds its fantastical premise in deeply rendered human emotions and credible societal reactions, exploring identity, communication, and the search for belonging.
4. Tragic Arc: Follows a classical trajectory where Victor's fatal flaw (hubris) leads inexorably to personal and familial ruin.

Did You Know?

1. Author Controversy: Mary Shelley, not Percy Shelley, wrote Frankenstein.
2. Anonymous Publication: The first edition did not credit Shelley due to her age and gender.
3. Monster’s Name: The creature is never named; “Frankenstein” refers to the scientist.
4. Literary Contest: The novel originated from a ghost story competition among Shelley, Byron, and Polidori.
5. Tragic Fates: All participants in the contest faced tragic deaths, adding a layer of real-life gothic irony.

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is a timeless exploration of human ambition, the ethical limits of science, and the consequences of isolation. Its themes and characters continue to resonate, making it a seminal work in both Gothic and science fiction literature.