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| George Lamming’s ‘In the Castle of My Skin Analysis |
A Complete Study Guide- Plot, Themes, Characters, and Literary Analysis
This newsletter is designed for the Caribbean Anglophone literature, postcolonial fiction, and twentieth-century modernist novels. In this Newsletter you will find a complete and detailed analysis of George Lamming’s semiautobiographical masterpiece In the Castle of My Skin (1953). We will cover the life and work of george lamming, the historical background of the novel, a chapter-by-chapter plot summary, an in-depth discussion of major themes, and a full character analysis.
The Life and Work of George Lamming –
George Lamming is widely regarded as one of the most important figures in Caribbean Anglophone Literature, alongside V. S. Naipaul, Derek Walcott, and Kamau Brathwaite. He was born on June 8, 1927, in Carrington Village, a small rural settlement approximately two miles from Bridgetown, the capital of Barbados.
Lamming was raised by his unmarried mother, a woman of interracial parentage, and by Papa Grandison, his mother’s godfather. This single-parent household and the absence of a biological father became a recurring element in his fiction, most notably in the protagonist G.’s family structure.
Lamming attended Roebuck Boys School in Carrington Village and later won a scholarship to Combermere High School, where his teachers recognized his extraordinary talent for writing. At the age of nineteen, Lamming left Barbados for Trinidad, working as a teacher. In Trinidad, he continued to write and publish poetry in Bim, the influential Anglo-Caribbean Literary Journal. This period allowed him to connect with other emerging writers and intellectuals.
In 1950, Lamming sailed for London, a journey that marked a turning point in his career. By 1960, he had published four novels and his most celebrated work of non-fiction, The Pleasures of Exile. While in London, he initially worked in a factory and later found employment with the overseas division of the British Broadcasting Service (BBC). This role gave him the opportunity to travel widely, including his first trip to the United States in 1955. During these travels, Lamming became increasingly involved in political movements across the Caribbean islands.
Throughout the 1960s, Lamming edited two special issues of New World Quarterly – one dedicated to the Independence of Barbados and the other to the Independence of Guyana. He received numerous fellowships, wrote television scripts, served on literary prize juries, and held the position of Writer in Residence at the University of the West Indies.
In 1971, he published Water with Berries, a novel about Anti-West Indian Bigotry in England, followed by Natives of My Person in 1972. After that, Lamming focused on criticism, producing three books in the 1990s that explored his enduring concerns: Political Self-Determination, Racism, and the Legacy of Colonialism. He died in 2022, leaving behind a monumental legacy in Caribbean Letters.
The Background of the Novel ‘In the Castle of My Skin’ – Modernism, Colonialism, and the Village
In the Castle of My Skin was published in 1953 and won Lamming the Somerset Maugham Award. The title is a powerful metaphor: the “Castle of My Skin” refers to the private, interior self that remains hidden from the outside world, a space where the individual retreats from the intrusions of Colonial Society, Racism, and Social Change.
The novel is set in Creighton, a fictional village in Barbados that is explicitly presented as representative of any rural, tradition-bound community in the English-Speaking Caribbean during the 1930s and 1940s.
Lamming employs characteristic devices of Modernist Fiction, including Shifting Perspectives and Unreliable Narration. The protagonist, a sensitive and unusually intelligent young boy named G., serves as both narrator and focalizer.
However, the novel’s chief concern is not the individual consciousness of G. Rather, Lamming uses G.’s intelligence and observation as a window through which the reader views the Legacy of Colonialism and Slavery in a rural Caribbean Society. It is through G.’s narration that we access the effects of the Politics of Race, Capital, Education, and the Labor Movement as they lead to sudden, violent riots in a previously passive and Feudalistic Society.
Unlike Lamming’s later works – such as The Emigrants, Water with Berries, and The Pleasures of Exile – which follow Caribbean Migrants to London and North American Cities, In the Castle of My Skin restricts its scope to the Personal, Domestic, and Village Spheres. Through this limited but intense perspective, the reader receives a comprehensive image of significant Socio-Cultural Changes in a Tradition-Bound part of the world. The novel thus functions as what Lamming himself called “a form of social history” for the Caribbean Region.
Major Themes in the Writings of George Lamming –
Before we proceed to the Plot Summary and Character Analysis, it is essential to understand the recurring themes in Lamming’s entire body of work. These themes are not only relevant to In the Castle of My Skin but also to his later novels and non-fiction.
Exile and Displacement as Foundational Caribbean Experiences
Alongside Edward Kamau Brathwaite, George Lamming is credited with bringing into sharp focus the travails that previously colonized and currently displaced populations face in the First World. Every noted writer from the Caribbean Region – including Jamaica Kincaid, C. L. R. James, and V. S. Naipaul – has explored the theme of Exile, Displacement, and Longing for Home. For Lamming, exile is not merely physical but also psychological and linguistic. The Caribbean Subject is always caught between memory of an ancestral home and the realities of a Colonial Present.
The Prospero and Caliban Trope –
Lamming famously uses the trope of Prospero versus Caliban, drawn from William Shakespeare’s The Tempest, to discuss the relations between the Colonizer and the Colonized. In The Pleasures of Exile, Lamming argues that the much-examined relationship between Prospero and Caliban mirrors the opposition between Colonizer and Colonized.
Caliban, Lamming writes, is not only exiled from his nature but is also colonized by language. He states that as a writer from the Caribbean Island, he is “a direct descendant of slaves, too near to the actual enterprise to believe that its echoes are over with the reign of emancipation.” At the same time, he is “a direct descendant of Prospero worshipping in the same temple of endeavour, using his legacy of language.” This double consciousness is central to Postcolonial Identity.
The Novel as Social History
Lamming has insisted that literature serves as the chief mode to record the history of the Subaltern Population in the Caribbean Region. He once remarked, “I do not know whether literary scholars make the connection, but one of the functions of the novel in the Caribbean is to serve as a form of social history.” Many of his later novels are set in San Cristobal, a fictional country in the West Indies, allowing him to construct and examine a Pan-Caribbean or West Indian Identity that transcends individual island boundaries.
The Sugar Cane, Migration, and the Creation of the New World
Lamming offers a powerful historical analysis in The Pleasures of Exile. He argues that western imperialism brought a “mischievous gift” – the Sugar Cane. The introduction of sugar cultivation led to a “fantastic human migration” and the creation of “the New World of the Caribbean,” which is constituted by deported crooks and criminals, defeated soldiers, royalist gentlemen fleeing from Europe, slaves from the West Coast of Africa, East Indians, Chinese, Corsicans, and Portuguese. All these characters move and meet on an “unfamiliar soil, in an unpredictable and infinite range of custom and endeavour,” surrounded by memories of splendour and misery – and always “the sea!”
The Plot of the Novel – Chapter-by-Chapter Summary
The novel is long, approximately 290 pages in most editions, divided into fourteen chapters. It can be divided into three structural parts: chapters 1-3 establish the setting and characters; chapters 4-8 expose power relations and impending transformations; chapters 9-14 depict the transformation, disillusionment, and departure.
Chapter One: The Flood, the Ninth Birthday, and the Absent Father
The novel opens with an image of flooding waters. This deluge becomes the main motif of the book, symbolizing both destruction and cleansing. The unnamed protagonist G. , on his ninth birthday, looks out the window of his house and talks with his mother about the unusual rains. His mother tells him about his relatives.
The reader learns that G.’s father is absent from their lives – a fact that is stated without melodrama, as if it were a normal condition. G. curiously enquires about his grandparents and is informed that they left for the United States many years ago. This chapter establishes Creighton as a representative Barbadian Village. We are introduced to Pa and Ma (the oldest inhabitants), the Water Inspector, and the village Landlord (Mr. Creighton). The chapter is narrated by the boy, whose innocence and curiosity filter the reader’s perception.
Chapter Two: Public Bathing, Neighborhood Fights, and Communal Gossip
The scope of G.’s vision widens to include neighbors outside his household. G.’s mother bathes him in the yard outside his house. Bob, a boy of the same age from the neighboring house, climbs the fence to watch, laughs, and calls other boys to come and see G.’s mother giving G. a bath. G.’s mother calls the boys “vagabonds” and curses them. The boys tear down a pumpkin vine. G.’s mother scolds Bob, and Bob’s mother emerges and hits Bob on the ear.
A physical altercation between the mothers ensues, and a crowd of boys and girls gathers to gawk. Bob stands in the middle of the yard naked. The incident brings together all the mothers in the village, who start talking about the “botheration” that their children cause. Miss Foster tells a story about how Gordon’s fowl cock shat on a white man’s suit. The boys then go to the public showers, play under the taps, and are ejected by the supervisor for “fooling around.” They proceed to the railroad tracks to place pins and nails on the rails. As they walk back, they buy food from a vendor.
The chapter closes with Miss Foster, Bob’s mother, and G.’s mother discussing the effects of the flood. Miss Foster speaks with awe about how the landlord treated her well, giving her tea and sixty cents.
Chapter Three: Empire Day, the Flogging, and the Teacher’s Secret
This chapter expands the scope of G.’s experience to the School Education System. The narration moves beyond G.’s immediate consciousness. The boys assemble for Empire Day, and the inspector gives a speech about the special relationship between Barbados and England, informing the boys that Barbados is actually a “Little England.” A boy misbehaves and is flogged. The boys speak among themselves in a play-style manner, revealing their feelings about their parents.
The boy who was flogged earlier reveals the relationship between the teacher and the teacher’s wife. The boys return to class and inquire about the process of making coins with the King’s face on them. Though they want to learn about Slavery, their school teaches them nothing about it. The head teacher receives an envelope containing a letter and a photograph. The photograph reveals that his wife is cheating on him.
The teacher is shocked and ponders what to do. He worries if the students have understood what is going on. He thinks about his responsibilities to the village and his obligation to be an example of English Reserve and Propriety. One boy attempts to explain the roots of Slavery by citing examples from the Bible, trying to normalize it. The chapter closes with the boys examining the pennies given to them by the inspector for Empire Day.
Chapter Four: The Old Man, the Old Woman, and the Rise of Mr. Slime
Two new characters – an Old Man (Pa) and an Old Woman (Ma) – are introduced in greater depth. One year has passed since the floods. The two senior members of the village live together and represent the Old Ways of the village. They discuss the events of the past year. Mr. Slime, formerly the school teacher, has opened a “Penny Bank and Friendly Society” in which all the inhabitants of Creighton Village put their money.
Mr. Slime is compared to Moses and is deemed the Liberator of the common folk. The village expects a conflict between Slime and the landlord Creighton. As they are about to sleep, the Old Man and the Old Woman talk about Barbadians who have left the island. The reader learns that many people from Barbados Migrated in search of jobs – at the turn of the century to the Panamas and in the twentieth century to the United States.
Chapter Five: Fried Food, Dock Strikes, and Marcus Garvey
The reader is introduced to the Food Habits of the villagers. Savory, the fried-food vendor, arrives selling cakes, and the villagers gather around him. Their discussions center on events at the school and Mr. Slime. Most villagers, including Pa and Ma, buy their food from Savory. Slime has emerged as the leader of the village and is involved with a Strike at the Docks in the capital city. The strike has ramifications in the village because some inhabitants are employed on the docks.
The villagers argue whether the workers are ready to strike and stake their livelihoods. The conversation reveals that Creighton, the white landlord, is part owner of a shipping company. The villagers discuss how the strike could cause financial loss to the landlord. Some of the more informed villagers discuss the writings of J. B. Priestley, some strife in Trinidad, Cricket, and the Anti-Colonial Revolutionary Marcus Garvey. At this juncture, two women fight with each other, each accusing the other of Infidelity and Illegitimate Pregnancy.
Chapter Six: Belleville, the Beach, and the Undertow
G. and Bob cross Belleville, the exclusive neighborhood where the rich white elite reside, on their way to the beach. The neighborhood contrasts strongly with G.’s own milieu. The houses are “bungalows high and wide with open galleries and porticoes,” and the residents employ servants. G. and Bob are joined by Trumper and Boy Blue.
The boys joke with each other, try catching crabs, and discuss issues of Marriage, Fidelity, and Polygamy. Boy Blue, in his attempt to catch crabs, is caught in the Undertow and is rescued by a fisherman. The boys walk back from the beach, get their clothes, and return to the village.
Chapter Seven: Religious Worship, the Landlord’s Party, and the Anthill
The boys, on their way to the village, pass through a gathering of worshippers seated around a table. They are Speaking in Tongues and dancing around a table. The boys walk away from the worshippers and begin to discuss Mr. Slime and the landlord. They deem that Mr. Slime plans to sell the land to the villagers. The boys find themselves near the landlord’s house and, though intimidated by its size, sneak into the compound.
The landlord has hosted an elegant party in honor of the newly arrived ship, Goliath. The boys hear a noise by the trash heap and discover a man and Mr. Creighton’s daughter courting in the shadows. The boys realize that they are crouching on an anthill and yelp. The guests at the party recognize that there are trespassers inside the compound. The overseer and sailors chase the boys. The boys run back to the village and disappear into the crowd of worshippers.
Chapter Eight: The Landlord Decides to Sell
Pa and Ma, during their discussion, reveal that Creighton wants to sell his land and leave the island. Ma has visited the landlord’s house to pay rent. Creighton, disturbed by the changes in the village, tells her that some young vagabonds from the village have violated his daughter. Ma describes to her husband the “responsibility” Creighton feels for the village – a paternalistic but genuine sense of duty.
Chapter Nine: Riots, Violence, and the Escape of Creighton
Trouble breaks out in the town. Men have not gone to work, and the disturbances of the city have begun to affect Creighton. The head teacher informs a student that there is fighting in the city. Nobody in the village knows exactly what happened. There are no policemen in the village, and the school and shops are closed. Even as Pa persistently tries to find out what is happening, Trumper comes running down the road, enquiring if Bob has returned yet.
The strike in the town has become violent as police and workers clashed in the city. Slime has addressed a Mass Meeting organized the previous night. An old woman claims that her son has been shot to death. The villagers anticipate that the men will ambush the overseer and even the landlord. Armed men arrive and seem to be waiting to attack the landlord. Mr. Creighton walks through the village with soiled clothes and a terrified look on his face. Some of the armed men position themselves to attack him. They look toward Slime and wait for his signal. Slime does not urge them to attack the landlord. Thus, Creighton escapes unhurt.
Chapters Ten to Fourteen: Disillusionment, Departure, and the Ironical Ending
The last five chapters depict the Anxiety, Disappointment, and Resignation of the inhabitants of Creighton. G. does very well in school and attends High School, even as the others drop out. Trumper goes to the United States. Slime promises the poor, colored population that he will help them own land and houses. He urges them to invest their savings with his organizations and soon emerges as one of the most powerful men on the island. His organization attracts investment from the poor colored population across the island.
The landlord’s daughter moves to England and has no plans to return. Creighton and his wife stay put in their house. Old Ma dies in her sleep, and Old Pa is left alone. Slime and his men buy the land from the landlord and evict several of the landlord’s former tenants – the Fosters and the shoemaker lose their houses. Most of the houses are physically shifted and crumble in the process. Slime seeks to sell the land back to the tenants and gradually drives most of them into debt. G. completes his school.
Trumper returns to the village, now politically active, and informs G. of the situation in the United States. Slime and his friends want to occupy Old Pa’s land and arrange for him to be sent to the Alms House. G. spends his last evening in the village in the company of Trumper. As he returns home, he meets Old Pa, who informs him that he is looking at the place for one last time. The novel ends on an ironical note as the old man states: “we both settin’ forth tomorrow… I to my last restin’-place before the grave, an’ you into the wide wide world.”
Major Themes in the Novel –
Ideas of Dependency and Blackness in the Novel
On its surface, In the Castle of My Skin seems to be an Autobiographical Novel depicting the growing-up years of a young boy. However, it addresses several pertinent issues, including Colonialism and Dependence, Anti-Colonial Struggle, and the Trepidation of a Colonized Population on the cusp of achieving independence. The old landlord Creighton, though much detested by the villagers, is also viewed as a Benefactor. Even as the poor, resident blacks murmur about unfair wages and high rents, they are grateful to him for timely help during natural calamities.
For instance, after the great flood, the landlord sends a white man to distribute food. He offers tea and chats with women when they visit to pay rent. He waives rents when the poor cannot pay. Yet the villagers also know that he does not pay them fair wages.
For all their dependence on the landlord, most villagers side with Mr. Slime when he offers an alternative. Even Old Ma and Old Pa are at times in awe of Slime. However, instead of winning their rights, the villagers invest their savings and trust with Mr. Slime.
They make him the new authority and end up depending on him. The novel points out that the diligent, intelligent, and strong colonized population has no trust in its own abilities and is susceptible to investing its trust in an authoritative, protective figure.
The population despises its own skin. There are several references indicating that the local population is uncomfortable with its Blackness. Most inhabitants detest black skin, admire and respect white skin, but are most comfortable and contented with Brown or Mulatto Skin. As Lamming notes: “No black boy wanted to be white, but it was also true that no black boy liked the idea of being black.
Brown skin was a satisfactory compromise, and brown skin meant a mixture of white and black. There was a famous family on the island which could boast of the prettiest daughters. Their father was an old Scotch planter who had lived from time to time with some of the labourers on the sugar estate. The daughters were ravishing, and one was known throughout the island as the crystal sugar cake.”
Anti-Colonial Struggle and the Comprador Class
The novel also throws light on the Dynamics of Anti-Colonial Struggle. The village has a scheming, intelligent teacher whom the emaciated population deems its representative. Mr. Slime, the former school teacher who thought of himself as the representative of all that was English on the island, emerges as the leader of the workers and villagers. He addresses meetings in the town, organizes strikes, and leads the agitation against the colonial authorities.
The novel beautifully depicts the contrast: neither the workers nor the villagers realize that Mr. Slime is an Ambitious Leader. Mr. Slime never gets arrested or hurt during the strikes and agitations. When the angry villagers and workers want to kill Creighton and the overseer, Mr. Slime protects them.
The anti-colonial struggle scares the white folk on the island, forcing them to reach out and compromise with Mr. Slime. The villagers are not aware that Mr. Slime and his organization have cut deals with the White Elites who owned the plantations, docks, and shipping companies. The villagers who have invested their hard-earned savings with Mr. Slime do not realize that several organizations and banks outside the island have also invested in the same organization.
The novel indicates that the black population, its intelligence, memory, and history notwithstanding, is unable to think for itself. Colonialism has made it incapable of articulating its demands; hence it constantly seeks to be represented by another agency. Mr. Slime represents the Comprador Class – a local elite that uses the anti-colonial movement to advance its own interests and ultimately replaces the colonial elite as the new authority in the Postcolonial milieu.
Education, Empire, and the Silencing of History
The Education System in the novel is shown as a tool of Colonial Indoctrination. Empire Day celebrations, the inspector’s speech about Barbados being “Little England,” and the complete absence of any teaching about Slavery all demonstrate how Colonial Education produces subjects who admire the colonizer and forget their own history.
The boys’ desire to learn about slavery is systematically denied. The head teacher’s personal crisis – his wife’s infidelity – mirrors the larger crisis of a man who has internalized English values and now finds himself unable to reconcile them with reality.
The Loss of Community and the Destruction of the Village
The novel ends with the Physical and Social Destruction of Creighton village. The old ways, represented by Pa and Ma, are dying. Ma dies in her sleep; Pa is sent to the Alms House. The houses are physically moved and crumble. The land is sold and resold. The young people – G., Trumper, and others – leave.
The novel suggests that Decolonization does not automatically bring liberation. Instead, it brings a new form of exploitation by the native bourgeoisie. The Castle of the Skin – the private self – remains the only refuge.
Characters in the Novel – Detailed Analysis
G. –
The protagonist and at times the narrator. G. is an Intelligent and Observant boy who is sensitive to the changes sweeping through the island. Brought up by a Single Parent, G. excels at his studies and decides to leave the village. He is adept at hiding his views and is often thought of as ill-informed. He states that “the likeness will meet and make merry, but they won’t know you, the you that’s hidden somewhere in the castle of your skin.” Towards the end of the novel, G. realizes that to continue to love his village, he must abandon it. He represents the Intellectual who must go into Exile to survive.
Mother –
G.’s mother is a Strong Woman who brings up her son independently. Bereft of any living members of her family, she is methodical, diligent, and caring – capable of being jovial but also using the whip to “roast his tail.” She is not aware of the politics on the island and is shocked when Trumper informs her of Slime’s plans. She represents the Ordinary Colonized Woman who focuses on survival and family, not on political abstractions.
Pa –
The Old Man is the father figure of the village and the Repository of Village Memory and History. He is revered by all villagers. He knew the “shoemaker as a young boy.” A diligent man, he worked in Panama during his youth and earned money. Most of his relatives have left him behind and migrated to the United States. He has become poor. He understands Slime’s plans but refuses to publicly blame him. On knowing that he must sell his house and is being moved to the Alms House, he accepts his fate. Pa represents Pre-Colonial Dignity and the Tragic Acceptance of dispossession.
Ma –
The Old Woman is Pa’s wife. She also acts as the repository of the village’s history and memory. She is balding and wears a white cloth on her head. She is religious and intuitive. She deems that the village has changed for the worse and sympathizes with the landlord. She dies at the end of the riots. Ma represents the Spiritual and Maternal heart of the community.
Mr. Creighton –
The White Landlord who owns the village, including a shipping company, houses, and plantations. The older generation views him as a Benign Patriarch. However, as the younger inhabitants side with Mr. Slime, Creighton’s authority erodes, and he is forced to sell the village. He is not an evil figure but rather a Paternalistic Colonialist whose time has passed. His daughter’s affair with a local man and her departure for England symbolize the end of an era.
Mr. Slime –
Initially a teacher at the local village school, Slime deems himself a repository of all that is English on the island. He is suave, articulate, dynamic, and intelligent. When he is informed of his wife’s Infidelity, he is shocked. He starts an organization that collects pennies from the poor, promising to help them acquire houses. He leads the workers’ strike and emerges as the spokesman and leader of the disgruntled poor. He challenges Creighton and gradually replaces him as landlord.
Towards the end of the novel, it is revealed that he is not interested in helping the poor but is focused only on Advancing His Own Cause. In many ways, he is a predecessor to the Corrupt, First-Generation Postcolonial Leaders in the third world who betray the trust of the people. His name – Slime – is deliberately chosen to suggest Slipperiness and Moral Filth.
Trumper –
G.’s childhood friend who moves to the United States after middle school. He returns to the island just as G. prepares to leave. Trumper is a Politically Conscious Individual. The experience in America has shaped his outlook toward the Politics of Race and Class. He contextualizes the corruption of Mr. Slime.
He can be read as the predecessor of the Radical Native who is influenced by the west and attempts to challenge the corrupt Postcolonial Elite. His name suggests Trumpeting – announcing a new political awareness.
Conclusion
In the Castle of My Skin remains an essential text in Caribbean Anglophone Literature, Postcolonial Studies, and Modernist Fiction. George Lamming’s ability to weave Autobiography, Social History, and Political Critique into a single narrative has ensured the novel’s lasting relevance. For students preparing for examinations, essays, or discussions, focus on the following Key Takeaways:
The novel uses the Child Narrator to provide a restricted yet profound view of colonial society.
The Flood Motif symbolizes both destruction and the potential for change.
Mr. Slime is not a hero but a Comprador figure who betrays the anti-colonial struggle.
The “Castle of My Skin” metaphor refers to the hidden interior self that remains free even under oppression.
Lamming’s work is deeply influenced by Shakespeare’s The Tempest and the Prospero-Caliban dynamic.
The novel is a Form of Social History that documents the transition from Feudal Colonialism to Postcolonial Neocolonialism.
Exile and Displacement are not just physical but Psychological and Linguistic.
Further Reading and References for Advanced Study
To deepen your understanding, consult these scholarly works:
Dalleo, Raphael. “Authority and the Occasion for Speaking in the Caribbean Literary Field: George Lamming and Martin Carter.” Small Axe 20 (June 2006): 19-39.
Forbes, Curdella. From Nation to Diaspora: Samuel Selvon, George Lamming And the Cultural Performance of Gender. Kingston: University of West Indies Press, 2005.
Griffith, Glyne A. Caribbean Cultural Identities. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2001.
McGarrity, Maria. Washed by the Gulf Stream: The Historic and Geographic Relation of Irish and Caribbean Literature. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2008.
Nair, Supriya. Caliban’s Curse: George Lamming and the Revisioning of History. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996.
Pouchet Paquet, Sandra. The Novels of George Lamming. London: Heinemann, 1983.
Saunders, Patricia. “The Pleasures/Privileges of Exile: Re/covering Race and Sexuality.” In Alien-Nation and Repatriation: Translating Identity in Anglophone Caribbean Literature. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007.
Schwarz, Bill. The Locations of George Lamming. Oxford: Macmillan Caribbean, 2007.
Joseph, Margaret Paul. Caliban in Exile: The Outsider in Caribbean Fiction. New York: Greenwood Press, 1992.
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